Разберём тонкости пассивного залога: от безличных конструкций до каузативных форм. Потренируемся видеть структуру предложения там, где исполнитель действия скрыт.
№1 · ЧТЕНИЕ
3 ВОПРОСА · 3 БАЛЛА
1. Научные достижения
Прочитайте текст об открытии пенициллина и ответьте на вопросы, обращая внимание на использование пассивного залога.
The Discovery of Penicillin
In 1928, a significant breakthrough was made in the field of medicine. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming that a certain mold could kill bacteria. However, it was not until the 1940s that penicillin was mass-produced for clinical use. Since then, millions of lives have been saved by this antibiotic. It is often argued that the modern era of medicine was started by this accidental discovery. Currently, new types of antibiotics are being developed to combat resistant bacteria, though the original principles are still highly valued.
What happened to penicillin in the 1940s?
It was discovered by Fleming.
It was mass-produced for clinical use.
It was argued to be accidental.
How many lives have been saved by this antibiotic?
Thousands.
Millions.
The text doesn't say.
What is currently being developed according to the text?
Resistant bacteria.
Original principles.
New types of antibiotics.
№2 · ТАБЛИЦА
5 ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ · 3 БАЛЛА
2. Безличные конструкции
Трансформируйте предложения из активного залога в пассивный, используя структуру Personal Passive (Subject + is said + to be/to do).
Active Voice
Personal Passive Structure
People say that he is a brilliant scientist.
Everyone believes that the project will fail.
Experts think that the painting is a fake.
They report that the climate is changing rapidly.
Historians claim that the city was built in 500 BC.
№3 · СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ
4 ПАРЫ · 3 БАЛЛА
3. Технологические процессы
Соотнесите описание процесса в пассивном залоге с изображением соответствующего объекта.
ABCD
Waste is collected for recycling.
Electricity is produced by wind.
Energy is generated from sunlight.
Innovation is driven by engineering.
№4 · ЧТЕНИЕ
3 ВОПРОСА · 3 БАЛЛА
4. Загадочное происшествие
Прочитайте отрывок из детективной истории и ответьте на вопросы, обращая внимание на то, как пассив скрывает исполнителя.
A Midnight Mystery
The safe had been opened without any signs of a break-in. It was noticed by the guard during his midnight round that the jewelry had been taken. No fingerprints were found on the handle, and the security cameras had been disabled exactly five minutes before the crime. It is suspected that an insider was involved. The police were called immediately, but the suspect has not been identified yet. All witnesses are being questioned at the moment.
What happened to the security cameras?
They were stolen.
They were disabled before the crime.
They were used to find the thief.
Were any fingerprints found?
Yes, on the safe.
No, none were found.
The text doesn't mention them.
What is the current status of the witnesses?
They have been released.
They are being questioned.
They have not been found.
№5 · ТАБЛИЦА
4 ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ · 3 БАЛЛА
5. Каузатив (Have something done)
Заполните таблицу, переводя обычный пассив в каузативную форму (когда мы организуем действие, выполняемое кем-то другим).
Standard Passive
Causative (Have something done)
My car was repaired yesterday.
The house is being painted now.
The documents will be signed tomorrow.
His hair has been cut recently.
№6 · СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ
4 ПАРЫ · 3 БАЛЛА
6. Космическая миссия
Соотнесите действие, совершаемое с объектом в космосе, с его изображением.
ABCD
The rocket is launched into orbit.
Weightlessness is experienced.
Signals are sent by the satellite.
Distant planets are observed.
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№7 · ЧТЕНИЕ
3 ВОПРОСА · 3 БАЛЛА
7. Реставрация шедевров
Прочитайте текст о восстановлении старинной картины и определите верность утверждений.
Masterpiece Restoration
A rare masterpiece by a 17th-century artist is currently being restored in Paris. It had been kept in a private collection for decades before it was donated to the museum. The painting had been damaged by humidity, so it must be handled with extreme care. New techniques are being used to remove the old varnish without affecting the original colors. It is expected that the work will have been finished by next spring, when a special exhibition is to be held.
Where is the painting being restored?
In London.
In Paris.
In a private house.
Why must the painting be handled carefully?
It is very heavy.
It had been damaged by humidity.
It was painted by a child.
When is the work expected to be finished?
By next spring.
By next month.
In a few years.
№8 · ТАБЛИЦА
4 ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ · 3 БАЛЛА
8. Двойное дополнение
Перефразируйте предложения с двумя дополнениями, сделав подлежащим косвенное дополнение (человека).
Active / Direct Object Passive
Indirect Object Passive
A letter was sent to him.
A job was offered to her.
The truth was told to us.
The prize was given to the winner.
№9 · СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ
4 ПАРЫ · 3 БАЛЛА
9. Лабораторный эксперимент
Соотнесите инструкции для эксперимента в пассивном залоге с изображениями оборудования.
ABCD
The chemical is poured carefully.
The cells are examined closely.
The sample is placed in a tube.
The temperature is recorded.
№10 · ЧТЕНИЕ
3 ВОПРОСА · 3 БАЛЛА
10. История Великой стены
Прочитайте историческую справку и ответьте на вопросы по содержанию.
The Great Wall
The Great Wall of China was built over many centuries. Most of the existing wall was constructed during the Ming Dynasty. Millions of workers were employed, and many of them are said to have died during the construction. Stones and bricks were used instead of earth in later stages. Today, the wall is visited by millions of tourists every year, and it is considered one of the greatest wonders of the world. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.
When was most of the existing wall constructed?
In 1987.
During the Ming Dynasty.
Over the last decade.
What materials were used in later stages?
Only earth.
Stones and bricks.
Wood and glass.
What happened to the wall in 1987?
It was destroyed.
It was built.
It was designated a UNESCO site.
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avoid consuming sugar
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2. Biohacking and Health
Прочитайте текст о современном подходе к здоровью и ответьте на вопросы.
The Rise of Biohacking
Biohacking involves making small, incremental diet or lifestyle changes to improve your health and well-being. Many people enjoy experimenting with their sleep cycles or nutrient intake to reach peak performance. However, doctors warn against following extreme trends without professional supervision. Tracking your body's data is helpful, but listening to your actual physical needs is even more vital.
What does the text suggest about biohacking?
It always requires expensive equipment.
It involves gradual changes in habits.
It is discouraged by all medical professionals.
What should people avoid doing according to the text?
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1. Present Perfect vs Past Simple
Заполните пропуски, используя правильную форму глагола в скобках.
I (never/be) to London, but I (visit) Paris last summer.